Hepatitis b hb is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv that affects the liver. Summarize global regional trends in hbv prevalence, as defined by the world health organization. According to the world health organization, about 2 billion people have been infected with hbv, of which. Our estimate of hbv prevalence in 2016 differs from previous studies, potentially because we took into account the effect of infant prophylaxis and early childhood vaccination, as well as changing prevalence over time. The entire series is needed for longterm protection. Epidemiology of hepatitis b and hepatitis c infections and benefits of programs for hepatitis prevention in northeastern china. The various strains of hbv are quite species specific.
The result is a comprehensive account on all aspects of viral hepatitis, including rapid advances in the diagnosis, management, treatment and prevention of a complex infection, which in the case of hepatitis b, c and d may lead to severe complications including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis b request pdf. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis b. Technical report hepatitis b and c epidemiology in selected population groups in the eueea 1 executive summary hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and potentially lead to the development of cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. Prevalence of hepatitis b surface antigen hbsag positivity and its. Hepatitis a formerly called infectious hepatitis and hepatitis b formerly called serum hepatitis have been recognized as separate entities since the early 1940s and can be diagnosed with specific serologic tests. Viral hepatitis is a term commonly used for several clinically similar yet etiologically and epidemiologically distinct diseases.
Hepatitis c hepatitis c is a liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis c virus hcv. Hepatitis b can be either acute shortterm or chronic longterm. The west virginia viral hepatitis epidemiologic profile, 2017 displays data available from key hepatitis and related data systems. An epidemiological shift has not been observed yet. Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united. The hepatitis b vaccine is typically given as a series of 3 or 4 injections over 6 months. About 3,000 cases of hepatitis a are estimated to occur in the united. Mar 09, 2020 the epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Universal vaccination has been expected to reduce hbv prevalence, but in some.
Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. The prevalence of chronic hbv infection varies geographically, from high 8%. The presence of chronic hepatitis b can also lead to an increased risk of hepatotoxicity related to the administration of potent antiretroviral therapy art. The epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv infection in the general population in rwanda is not well known. Jul 26, 20 the result is a comprehensive account on all aspects of viral hepatitis, including rapid advances in the diagnosis, management, treatment and prevention of a complex infection, which in the case of hepatitis b, c and d may lead to severe complications including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its genome is a relaxed partially doublestranded circular dna with four overlapping open reading frames orfs. Differentiate between hbv incidence rate and hbv prevalence rate. Jan 05, 2005 hepatitis b is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis b virus infection.
Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united states. Vertical transmission of hepatitis b antigen in taiwan. Hepatitis b easl guidelines hepatitis b virus hbv infection remains a global public health problem with changing epidemiology due to several factors including vaccination policies and migration. Pdf the epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Hepatitis b prevalence and epidemiology in australia b positive. Epidemiology and seroprevalence rate amongst negrito tribe in malaysia med j malaysia vol 74 no 4 august 2019 321 determining the prevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis b among the orang asli also helps to identify hepatitis b potential. It is a major global health problem, and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. In 1985, the authors studied the epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv in a healthy middle eastern population. Hepatitis b is a potentially lifethreatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv. Around 250 million people are estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis b chb 1, 2, and chb causes liverrelated death in up to onequarter of people with the disease 1.
It has been estimated that there are 350 million chronic hepatitis b virus hbv carriers worldwide. Hepatitis b virus hbv is endemic in subsaharan africa, and despite the introduction of universal hepatitis b vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated. Hbeagnegative chronic hepatitis b echb and occult hbv infection are two special clinical entities, and the prevalence and clinical. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and. Once chronic infection is established, cirrhosis occurred at an annual rate of 2% to 5% and 8% to 10% in hepatitis b e antigen hbeag. Pdf epidemiology of hepatitis b virus tanweer kumar. The epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Jun 12, 2017 nelson pk, mathers bm, cowie b, et al. Hepatitis b virus hbv, a small, circular, partially doublestranded dna virus in the family hepadnaviridae. When the inflammation is caused by infection with the hepatitis a virus hav, the disease is called hepatitis a. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Senior deputy commissioner and director of the division of epidemiology and health planning, kentucky department for public health with special thanks to kathy j.
Data throughout the profile are gathered from multiple sources, i. Residents of three remote villages and urban areas of jordan were assessed for seroprevalence of hepatitis b surface antigen hbsag and hbv infection. Hepatitis b virus hbv is the prototype member of the hepadnaviridae family. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Hepatitis b vaccine and hepatitis b immune globulin administered within 1224 hours after birth, followed by completion of a threedose vaccine series, has been shown to be 8998 percent effective in preventing acute and chronic hbv infection in infants born to women who are positive for both hbsag and hbeag. Hepatitis b is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Over time, chronic hepatitis b can cause serious health problems, such as cirrhosis liver. With acute infection, symptoms develop in fewer than 5% of infants, 5 to 15% of children between the ages of 1 and 5 years and 33 to 50% of older children and adults. Approximately 257 million people have chronic hbv infection, which resulted in 887,000 deaths in 2015 fig. Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis b. The dose of hepatitis b surface antigen is the same as that contained in mercks pediatric formulation. Hepatitis b is caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv, an enveloped virus containing a partially double stranded, circular dna genome, and classified within the family hepadnavirus. Hepatitis disease surveillance epidemiology program mecdc.
Hepatitis b and c epidemiology in selected population groups. Aug 22, 2018 once chronic infection is established, cirrhosis occurred at an annual rate of 2% to 5% and 8% to 10% in hepatitis b e antigen hbeag. Although some regions are well on their way to meeting prophylaxis and prevalence targets, all regions must substantially scaleup access to diagnosis and treatment to meet the. Epidemiology of hepatitis b in europe and worldwide journal of. As hepatitis b is a chronic disease, identifying the. Worldwide, most people with hepatitis b were infected with the virus as an infant. Hepatitis b has also been called type b hepatitis, serum hepatitis, homologous serum jaundice. Therefore, the easl guidelines for hepatitis b presents updated recommendations for the optimal management of hbv infection. West virginia viral hepatitis epidemiologic profile 2017. Blood derived recombinant vaccine first year number es universal vaccine of infants. Hepatitis a ranges in severity from a mild disease lasting several weeks to a severe disease lasting several months. Hepatitis b is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. However, an estimated 5% to 10% of adults and 85% to 95% of children develop chronic hepatitis b virus infection 47.
Hepatitis b easl guidelines easlthe home of hepatology. Hepatitis b virus background and global epidemiology. The hepatitis b virus was considered by a previous iarc working group in 1993. People from endemic areas asia, africa, or injection drug users and those with highrisk sexual behaviours, are at an increased risk for infection. The epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv infection is geographically diverse, with. Hbv epidemiology hbv self study hepatitis b online. It can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to lifelong infection, cirrhosis scarring of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Core concepts hbv epidemiology screening and diagnosis. Newborns people living with someone infected with hepatitis b. Hbv is transmitted by contact with contaminated blood, blood products, and other body fluids such as semen.
Most people are asymptomatic, although some will present with complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver failure. Hepatitis b virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment. The who global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, created in may, 2016, aims to achieve a 90% reduction in new cases of chronic hepatitis b and c and a 65% reduction in mortality due to hepatitis b and c by 2030. Hepatitis b virus hbv is an enveloped, partially doublestranded dna virus that is transmitted via infected blood and bodily fluids. Hepatitis b virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures.
The epidemiology of chb is predominantly determined by the age at exposure, with about 90% of infants with the infection progressing to chronic infection, compared with only 5% of immunocompetent adults see. The prevalence of hbv infection varies throughout the world 44,48. Examples of exposures associated with transmission that travelers may encounter include poor infection control during medical. This is why most people currently living with chb in australia acquired infection early. The 10th leading cause of death worldwide, hbv infections result in 500 000 to 1. Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united states bo hyun kim, m. The hepatitis b virus is globally distributed among humans.
An estimated 200000 to 300000 hepatitis b virus infections occur annually in the united states. Global epidemiology of hepatitis b and hepatitis c in people who inject drugs. When the inflammation is caused by infection with the hepatitis b virus hbv, the disease is called hepatitis b. People with chronic hepatitis b andor c virus infection remain infectious to others and. Patients with chronic hepatitis b have a 15% to 40% risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma hcc and a 15% to 25% risk of dying from hbvrelated liver disease. Pinkbook hepatitis b epidemiology of vaccine preventable. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a serious and common infectious disease of.
Current epidemiology, prevention and treatment of hepatitis b in. Infection with the hepatitis b virus causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, and chronic infection can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hcc. The global burden of hepatitis b virus hbv infection is profound. Hepatitis b is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis b virus hbv. Pdf epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv niaz ali. Over time, chronic hepatitis b can cause serious health problems, such as cirrhosis liver scarring, liver cancer, and even death. January 2019 cors rsorcs epidemiology and prevention of vaccinepreventable diseases 5 hepatitis b f preexposure management for health care personnel with a documented series who have not had. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a major public health problem and cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a serious global health problem, with 2 billion people infected worldwide, and 350 million suffering from chronic hbv infection. In contrast to hbv, an infection with hcv becomes chronic in most cases1. The world can be divided into three areas where the prevalence of chronic hbv infection is high 8%, intermediate. Hcv can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis infection, ranging in severity from a mild illness that lasts only a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness resulting in cirrhosis and liver cancer.